Bio 104 5/23/96

• Humoral immune System
  • lymphocytes
  • A,B Cells: produce antibodies
    • Plasma Cells: make antibodies
    • Memory B Cells: remember the particular antigen that caused the formation of the antibodies. See figure 41.14
  The humoral immune response. Figure 41.14

• Antibodies:
  • proteins
  • have heavy and light chains
    • The light chain can be highly variable
    • They posses end which are designed to capture the antigen
    • very specific
  • Immature B cells are activated by a particular antigen
    • differentiate into plasma cells which circulate antibodies and produce memory cells. See figure 41.18
    Primary and secondary immunity. Figure 41.18

  • primary immunity is the first exposure to a virus
  • upon the second exposure the antibodies are still present from the first exposure, but there are more antibodies present because of the initial exposure. So, the body already has these antibodies to combat the virus, and time is not lost build up antibodies. This is the reason for vaccinations.

1. helper/Inducer T-cells
2. Cytotoxic/Suppressor T-cells. See table 41.2 on page 785 of your book.

1. Helper T-cells
   • detect infection; initiate both T-cells and B-cells. See figure 41.12
     Sounding the alarm. Figure 41.12

   • The pathogen attracts the macrophages which in turn release Interleukin-1 and this activates the Helper T-cells and further activates the B-cells and Cytotoxin T-cells. See figure 41.11 "Players in the immune response" in yesterday's notes.

1. Helper T-cells
   1. bind to nonself proteins
2. Cytotoxin T-cells
   1. destroy cells

See figure 41.19 Note: Dr. Barstow went just a tad too quickly and I did not get good notes for this; so, please look at this table and familiarize yourself with it. Thanks

• This is the whole story, you will die, end of story. We all know about this virus. We have all grown up with it. So, just be safe and you won't die. Also, eat right and don't smoke!
• immune system fights cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death in HIV infected individuals.
• When infected you are not protected from:
  • Neurological illness
  • Cancers
  • Pneumonias
  • disseminated mycobacterial diseases
  • anal carcinoma

• protein coat, and core proteins, plus 2 copies of RNA
  • has transcripters to make RNA into DNA
  • makes more copies and destroys T-cells
  • retrovirus
  • exists in blood or semen
  • You can get it only through direct contact
  • Number of reported cases has sky-rocketed. See figure 41.21

    The AIDS epidemic. Figure 41.21
    • There is no vaccination nor any cure.

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