Bio 104 5/22/96

• Pineal gland
  • produces melatonin
  • old part of the brain, evolved from lower organisms
  • melatonin secreted on cycle basis and responsible for our sleep patterns
  • may also control puberty
• Thymus gland
  • produced thymosin
  • thymosin responsible for the maturation of white blood cells

• protects our bodies against foreign invaders
• What causes disease?
  • virus: DNA or RNA molecules that are coated with protein and can't live on their own.

• Bacteria: small cells with own mitochondria and circular DNA; which can cause:
  • tuberculosis
  • leprosy
  • bacterial pneumonia
  • diphtheria
  • bubonic plague
  • disease making a come back, so the moral is take all of your antibiotics
    • syphilis
    • cholera
  • schistosomiasis and beef tapeworm are spread by flatworms (platyhelminthes)
• Epidemics of the past
  • Bubonic plague killed 1/3-1/2 of all Europeans from 1347-1350
  • The flu 1917-1918 killed 22 million people
  • small pox
  • polio 1943-1956 infected more than 400,000 Americans
• Epidemics of the present
  • Diarrhea (largely Cholera)
  • Malaria
  • AIDS
  • Measles
  • Tuberculosis

1. First line-nonspecific
   1. skin and mucous membranes
   2. antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme in saliva, tears, and mucous membranes) they lysis or break apart bacterial cells
   3. cilia: sweep invaders out of lungs
   4. gastric juices: kills most microbes
   5. symbiotic bacteria: out compete harmful microbes, just on shear numbers
2. Second Line-nonspecific
   1. Phagocytes-White Blood Cells
      1. macrophages: engulf bacteria
      2. neutrophils: engulf bacteria and give off a secretion to kill cells
      3. natural killer cells
   2. Complement Proteins
      • attract phagocytes, promote cell lysis
      • given off by invaded tissue. See figures 41.5 and 41.7
      How natural killer cells kill their target cells. Figure 41.5
      
      The complement system. Figure 41.7

   3. Interferons: secreted by cells invaded by viruses that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins that defend against the virus
      • when virus effects cells they are not mature viral infections
   4. Inflammatory Response
      1. Histamine: secreted by Basophils and mast cells
      2. vasodilation: stimulated by histamine (redness, sweaty, rise in body temperature)
      3. Phagocytes
      4. compliment
3. Third Line-the immune response. See figure 41.11. Players in the immune response. Figure 41.11
   1. targets specific antigens
      • antibodies generated
      • enables us to develop specific antibodies
   2. Major Histocomptability complex
      • self and nonself (Proteins of a single individual are unique-20 different genes each of which has 50 different alleles)
      • so we recognize our own proteins
   3. Humoral immune system
      • B cells produce antibodies
   4. Cell mediated immune system
      • involves T-cells or T-lymphocytes
      • T-cells destroy cells

• When immune system sees anything, be it weak or not will build up antibodies. See table 41.2 on page 785 of your text.
  Vaccinations: means giving person the cow literally
  • given weakened antigen, to build up antibodies.

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