BIO 104 4/11/96

Structure and Function of Plants
Fruits:
     Fruits are characteristic of flowering plants/angiosperms.
     Fruits are for seed dispersal.
     -When ovule is fertilized, a hormone is given off, and the
fruit begins to develop.
      When the ovary begins to expand the flower parts begin to
degenerate.
     Mechanisms for seed dispersal:
          1) animals
          2) wind
          3) water
SEE FIGURE 31.8
     -dispersal of the next generations (seeds)
          seed contains the embryo
     Dicot
          -cotyledons are the source of food and starch for the embryo
          -multicellular
          -2 regions
               1) shoot apical meristem (embryonic)
               2) root apical meristem
          A plant grows from the tips
          The endosperm is very reduced
     Monocot
          -the endosperm is outside of the cotyledon
          -we get oils from these seeds

Germination:  when the embryo grows from the root and shoot apical
meristem.
Monocots
     Coleoptile surrounds the growing apical meristem
     Shoot apical meristem emerges from the ground and the root
apical meristem grows down and the cells begin to differentiate: 
the plant continues to grow.
     The Root apical meristem grows with the force of gravity
towards the center of the earth.

Dicots
     Region below the cotyledons known as the hypocotyl emerges out
of the ground as a hook and then straightens up and the shoot
apical meristem continues to grow.
     First food comes from the cotyledons, before the primary
leaves develop.

Primary function of green plants:
     PHOTOSYNTHESIS
     -without photosynthesis the plants and us could not exist.
     -plants are adapted for photosynthesis.
     6CO2 + 12H2O (Plus light with chloroplast yields) C6H12O6 +6O2
+ 6H20
          -glucose yields carbohydrates and lipids.
          -glucose plus nitrogen yields nucleic acids and proteins
       plants make all organic molecules.

Flowering plants
     Root systems
          Functions:
               1) anchor the plant
               2) uptake of water and minerals 
               3) storage
                    -carbohydrates and amino acids
               4) transport
                    -water
                    -minerals
                    -sugars
               5) production of some hormones
     
     Shoot system
          made up of stems and leaves
          1) primary function is photosynthesis
          2) transport ("food" from photosynthesis and water)
          3) hormones
          4) reproduction

Chapter 30
The structure and function of plant tissues
SEE FIGURE 30.1
Plants grow from their tips 
     Leaf made up of 
          1) blade
          2) petiole
     Most angiosperms have secondary growth
SEE FIGURE 30.3
     Apical meristem undergoes mitosis

Growth of plants
3 basic tissue types found within the apical meristem
     1) dermal
     2) ground
     3) vascular
SEE FIGURE 31.12

     Ground tissue
     -3 types of cells
          1) parenchyma= thin walled
               -location= everywhere
               -function= photosynthesis, respiration, and storage
               SEE FIGURE 30.4