BIO 104 Handout: Objectives for Animal Diversity I

Read Chapter 29, pp 544-569 in Raven & Johnson; you might also want to review
Chapter 17, pp 323-341 and Chapter 25, pp 476-490 in Raven & Johnson (review
from BIO 103).

1.   Be able to describe some of the problems encountered by animals in adapting
     to a terrestrial environment including:
     A. water loss
     B. external fertilization versus internal fertilization
     C. external embryonic development versus internal embryonic development 
     D. regulation of body temperature

2.   List the characteristics shared by members of the animal kingdom including:
     A. eukaryotic and multicellular
     B. heterotrophic
     C. motility
     D. development of digestive cells and a "gut"
     E. circulation of digested food and oxygen
     F. development of respiratory structures -- gills, spiracles, & lungs
     G. development of excretory structures -- flame cells   kidneys
     H. maintenance of homeostatic balance
     I. sexual reproduction

3. List the characteristics used to classify animals including:
     A. cells -- unicellular or multicellular
     B. type of body symmetry (refer to Figure 29.8, p 548 in Raven & Johnson)
          (1). asymmetrical
          (2). radial symmetry
          (3). bilateral symmetry
     C. number of embryonic germ layers
          (1). none 
          (2). two -- diploblastic
          (3). three -- triploblastic
     D. type of digestive cavity
          (1). incomplete
          (2). complete 
     E. type of embryonic development -- fate of the blastopore (refer to Figure 29.2,
     p 545 in Raven & Johnson)
          (1). protostome
          (2). deuterostome
     F. type of internal body cavity (refer to Figure 29.9, p 549 in Raven & Johnson)
          (1). acoelomate (no internal body cavity present -- flatworms)
          (2). pseudocoelomate (internal body cavity between the endoderm and
          the mesoderm; usually fluid-filled to serve as a hydrostatic skeleton --
          round worms [nematodes])
          (3). coelomate (internal body cavity derived from and surrounded by
          mesoderm -- echinoderms & chordates)
     G. skeleton -- external or internal
     H. nerve cord -- dorsal or ventral 
          
4. Be able to distinguish between "primitive" and "advanced"
morphological/developmental characteristics of animals and be able to give an example
of a phylum which displays each characteristic:

Primitive Characteristic                          Advanced Characteristic
     unicellular                                       multicellular
     radial symmetry                                   bilateral symmetry
     diploblastic                                      triploblastic
     incomplete digestive tract                   complete digestive tract 
     protostome                                        deuterostome
     no internal body cavity                      body cavity lined with mesoderm  
     no head region                               cephalization


5. Be able to relate cephalization to bilateral symmetry -- why is this an important
trend the evolution of animals? 


6. Be able to list the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera (refer to pp 544-546;
Figures 29.3 & 29.4, p 546; and Figures 29.6 & 29.7, p 547 in Raven & Johnson).